The Language Of International Business Essay - 1741 Words

At the beginning of all times civilization stared to move to other countries in order to trade, and time passed they understood that in other villages they did not have the same language. When speakers started to trade, they communicate using their own language and adopting some words from the others as a result of the mix of this two â€Å"languages† it is known as a â€Å"pidgin†. Currently the society needs a language that acts as a universal language or â€Å"lingua franca† it means it is the language that plays a fundamental role sharing knowledge in a certain period of time. A Lingua Franca is a language that is used universally outside from the country where it is spoken as a native language. For example French, Portuguese and Latin has been a dominant lingua franca at some point in history. The most current lingua franca of international business is English. It is estimated, for example, that more than 80% of the global interactions occur between speakers whose native tongue this language. (Weil Weil, 2011). Nowadays, the global society is facing problems they require an answer which involves a good interaction and communication. In order to complete this process, dwellers needs to do it efficiently. English in the last century has become in one of the most international languages that allows the interaction in the world. The English language is widely spread throughout the world and has develop the mainly language in many regions. A big among of nations use it forShow MoreRelatedEnglish Is An International Business Language1399 Words   |  6 Pagesa universal way of life is proved by the spread of English. Language - the great agent of homogenization, it is the wave on which culture is transmitted. If English becomes the main language of communication, the consequences are obvious: culture of English-speaking countries will be dominant in the world. English is the first universal global language. Although there may be as many people who speak different dialects of Chinese language, as well as English-speaking, nevertheless, English is undoubtedlyRead MoreSilent Languages and the Business Culture Adopted by an International Business Organization2344 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Silent Languages and Business Culture adopted by an International Business Organization University Name Introduction Every organization has its own business culture and silent languages that help its employees shape the organizations culture and accept its core values (Driskill Brenton, 2011). Business organizations that are engaged in international marketing express their business culture and adopt the silent languages throughout their business setups. It is imperative for organizationsRead MoreThe Importance of Understanding Cultural Differences in International Business Communications950 Words   |  4 Pagesglobalization, organizations rely on international transactions to take place to keep their business running. Even with knowledge of how important international interactions are for their companies’ success, miscommunication occurs and someone involved in the transaction is left scratching his or her head. This is a result of the lack of cultural training and understanding. This paper will discuss the different implications that have been discussed in the international business world. This paper will addressRead MoreEthical Issues With International Business1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe world we live in today revolves around business. International business is sometimes called; â€Å"The Study of Multinational Companies.† Doing business internationally is an interesting task. There are many cultures, behaviors and traditions that different countries have and it is important to be aware of them. Cultures become crossed when different countries negotiate business. Culture influences how people act, think, and communicate. When dealing business internationally, diving in head first isnRead MoreThe Issue Of Language Boundaries838 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of language boundaries is particularly critical when everybody enter to new culture. Everybody need struggle to communicate what they want to get necessary information regarding new culture. The findings suggest that the language barrier generates negative emotional. There are so many differences like Body languages, eating food, Cloths wearing, communication. This paper describes the most well known and accepted new cultural with international language. These theories consider relationsRead MoreA Brief Note On Cross Cultural Communication And Understanding Cultural Differences1625 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication Competence in Global Business Celeste Aisien Lo COMS 2331 Dr. Richard Bello April 29th 2015â€Æ' Competence in cross-cultural communication and understanding cultural differences is becoming more crucial in today’s society. Technology is advancing in a rapid pace and is allowing more opportunities in migration therefore existing countries has never had so much to do with each other until today. As a result of becoming inter-connected, global business is progressing rapidly. Majority ofRead MoreCultural and Linguistic Differentiations1419 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessful future in an international business environment. Attitudes towards work and material possessions, entrepreneurship, willingness to accept risk, politics, religion, customs, the role of the woman in society, social classes, respect of the law and social institutions, and their reflection on trade and business, should be examined very carefully. All the above social attitudes and a lot more, are part of culture and appear to be very important in a world-wide business network. Companies canRead MoreEffect of Culture in International Business Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagesimportant part of International Business. Culture is defining the collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes of the member in the society. Culture is the behaviour that people act in the community. The characteristic of culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. There are also basic elements cultures such as social structure, language and religious. So the foreigner who wants to operate the business at the overseas marketRead MoreCultural Influence on International Businesses1462 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Cultural Influence on International Businesses Touro University International Wendell K. Speegle MGT 501 Module One: The Nature of Organizations and the Contemporary Environment Dr. Donna DiMatteo Abstract Culture will play a major part in the dynamics of the way we operated in international business circles. Managers today will need special skills in order to meet these challenges. Language differences, culture awareness, and management skills are necessary for success. These challengesRead MoreHow International Business Is The Exchange Of Goods And Services Among Individuals And Businesses845 Words   |  4 Pages International Business is the exchange of goods and services among individuals and businesses in multiple countries. International Business is also known as Global Business or International Marketing. People in this field have to understand the dynamics of different financial systems, their legal framework, also cultural and language differences. Consultants, as they are often called, have to deal with cultural sensitivities as well. An average day may include; research, dealing with public and/or

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart The Relationship Between...

This essay aims to examine the connection or otherwise between law and morality from the perspective of Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart (HLA Hart) and Lon Fuller. Legal positivism, as propagated by Thomas Hobbes and HLA Hart is the idea that legal systems are composed only of positive law, which does not necessarily mean that law is not connected to morality at all. Hart proposed the concept of legal positivism by disassociating positive law from the imperative theory of law, moral philosophies, and analytical aspects of legal language. Hart characterized his thesis by suggesting that legal positivism involves the split between law and morals. Positivists suggest that the assessment of the content of law does not depend on moral†¦show more content†¦This perspective provides a distinction of law from morality. Moral values create duty and obligation to keep all citizens and the authorities in check. Hart argues that subjects under a coercive law are obliged to comply with the rules, but they are not bound or obligated by duty to obey such rules. Therefore, application of coercive rules does not create any form of obligation, whether legal or moral. Typically, citizens may not be cognisant of the legal structures and the criteria of their validity. The laws are considered valid as long as they are approved by majority of the officials on the basis of recognition and validity criteria. The role of citizens is solely to obey the primary rules that have been recognized as being legally valid. Hart believes that a legal system exists when citizens obey the valid rules of behaviour, and the rules of recognition and criteria of legal validity have been generally accepted by the officials. In this regard, the law is different from morality on the basis of recognition and validity. The fact that a rule of law is prudent, wise, efficient and just does not necessarily mean that it is actually law; and the fact that they are unwise, imprudent, inefficient and unjus t do not mean that they are insufficient reasons for creating a law. Positivism suggests that law has been socially constructed through ordering, decision, practice and tolerance. The laws may be unjust, andShow MoreRelatedThomas Aquinas, Natural Law And Legal Positivism710 Words   |  3 PagesThere are different types of relationships between Morals and Laws. It is important to distinguish these differences by the assertion and denial of them. In the book The Concept of Law there are two types of relations, Natural law and Legal Positivism. Natural Law is defined as â€Å"certain principles of human conduct, awaiting discovery by human reason, which man-made laws must conform to if they are to be valid (Hart 2012 p.185-186).† Legal Positivism is defined as â€Å"the simple contention that it isRead MoreAnalytical Philosophy : The Law Of The Land As It s Exists Today1049 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure of law, the meanings and uses of its concepts, and the formal terms and the modes of its operation. It draws on the resources of modern analytical philosophy to try to understand the nature of law. It is not concerned with the past stages of its evolution or its goodness or badness. The purpose is to analyse and discuss the law of the land as it’s exists today. It is a legal theory that draws on the resources of modern analytical philosophy to try to understand the nature of law. Although

Effects of Illegal Music Downloading on the Music Industry free essay sample

Music Industry Illegal downloading is commonly known as piracy, it describe that the steeling music from artists, songwriters, musicians, record label employees and others whose hard work and great talent who make music possible. Nowadays, downloading music is available for everyone on internet. However, it is still illegal. Downloading music on internet is what most people are doing because they do not have to pay, and they can choose only the songs they want to have.Unlike CDC which we have the whole album which might contain the songs that we do not want to listen to, plus we have to pay for it. However, it is not always a good thing, it might be good for the people who download the music, but what about the music industry? Is it killing the industry, or does it have profits on it? This paper will discuss both pros and cons of piracy downloading on the Music Industry. One of the most important influences that internet piracy has had on the music industry Is the sale of retail CDC. Until the past few years, CD sales were one of the key things that music Industry Insiders used In order to find out which musicians and albums were the most popular with the public. As the worlds technology has been growing, it made the digital music and internet piracy growing too, sales of retail CDC dropped amongst younger consumers to such an extent that the best selling CDC on the market began to bear very little resemblance to the music that was actually popular with the young listeners that form the backbone of the music Industry.For example, Bob Dylan album Modern Times quickly became the number one best seller when It was released In 2006, spite the fact that none of his tracks were highly requested on mainstream radio programs or popular with younger listeners. The most well-known case that involves internet piracy and the music industry was when a group of m ajor recording companies took peer-to-peer file sharing service Anapest to court for facilitating copyright infringement In the year 2000. After the Increasing of the Internet piracy, A;M Records and other record companies sued Anapest on three separate claims, and It was successful.These claims Included accusations that Anapest was espouse for allowing users to infringe upon existing copyrights and were even encouraging users to download unlicensed copyrighted materials. When the recording industry won this landmark lawsuit, Anapest stopped offering their file sharing services to users, and soon their company failed. The Institute for Policy Innovation make a conclusion that global music piracy causes $12. 5 billion of earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes.Today, cost people who download music illegally do it by using new peer-to-peer networks like Bitterroot. The Bitterroot protocol is for of handling a lot of data very quickly and is very popular for people who upload and download copies of movies and television programs that have no license. In more recent years, dozens of major record labels torrent in order to distribute their content on their own terms and avoid the pirating of their content. The Institute for Policy Innovation concludes that global music piracy causes $12. 5 billion of economic losses every year, 71,060 U. S. Jobs lost, ass of $2. Billion in workers earnings, and a loss of $422 million in tax revenues, $291 million in personal income tax and $131 million in lost corporate income and production taxes. However, there are some profits that the music industries get from the music piracy. One of it is that older music is still available. Because of the way contracts are constructed, artists do not own their own music-record labels do. So when artists that change labels, their new label is not allowed to produce the albums the artist made on the old label, and if the old label decides not to release he songs, the music is dead.Music downloading is the only way for people to access these old dead songs. It can also make the artists still be famous over time because people still listen to their music even if they are obsolete. Another positive thing is that the not well-known artists become more famous, and their music albums also have better sales. 81. 87% of the entire music industry was controlled by 4 record companies. But most artists arent signed to these labels. As the results, most artists do not get radio play, and their music videos are usually in low quality and they are to usually shown on the television.Music downloading is great for lesser known artists to get the chance to be more famous. Most people wont buy music they have not listened to. Music Piracy allows people who download music to experiment the unknown artists. This kind of experimentation cannot hurt the industry, it helps the Industry instead. As people would not have bought the music if they cannot download it, but downloading and having the music may either make them realize they like the music, and buy the albums, or share the music to their friends, who then eight like the music, and by the album, or even go to the concert.These smaller, independent artists have been on the rise in the past several years, and they also make profits to their industry. According to the ARIA, only 15% of albums make money. However, most record label contracts require that all costs for making the album be returned to the company, meaning that 85% of artists are in debt to their company after the records are released. Most artists repay this debt through money they got during concerts. And people who found out the artists through piracy may like the music enough to go to the concerts.The ARIA Consumer Profile in 2005 showed that CD sales at concerts have risen, it came from more people that go to Join the concerts and more people that Join these concerts do not own these CDC; both of this all came from online music downloading. From my experiences, I usually download music from internet, and when there is some artist I really like, I will become their fans and buy their albums. It also makes me know more artists that I never know of, and that is how it makes them famous. Iris is not Just happening to me, it also happens to most of my friends.These facts rove that the music downloading is not all bad, but it might be to some music industries which are not so famous Even if music Piracy is illegal, it is very hard for someone to control or forbid people from doing it. It becomes part of the music society, everyone downloads music from internet. Some people do not even know anything. However, it is also a good thing it benefits many things, both to the consumers and the industries. It might be bad for the industry in few years ago, but now people start to get use to it and make profits from it. Artists actually get more famous from it.

Financial Analysis of The Hershey Company free essay sample

Liquidity ratios measure a company’s ability to meet its maturing short-term obligations. In other words, can a company quickly convert its assets to cash without a loss in value if necessary to meet its short-term obligations? Favorable liquidity ratios are critical to a company and its creditors within a business or industry that does not provide a steady and predictable cash flow. They are also a key predictor of a company’s ability to make timely payments to creditors and to continue to meet obligations to lenders when faced with an unforeseen event. Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities This ratio reflects the number of times short-term assets cover short-term liabilities and is a fairly accurate indication of a companys ability to service its current obligations. A higher number is preferred because it indicates a strong ability to service short-term obligations. The composition of current assets is a key factor in the evaluation of this ratio. Depending on the type of business or industry, current assets may include slow-moving inventories that could potentially affect analysis of a companys liquidity how long could it potentially take to convert raw materials and inventory into finished products? (For this reason, the quick ratio may be preferable to the current ratio because it eliminates inventory and prepaid expenses from this ratio for a more accurate gauge of a companys liquidity and ability to meet short-term obligations. ) The current ratio for Hershey Company is 1. 44 indicates the company’s ability to service short-term obligations is satisfactorily. However, the value of the quick ratio will provide a clearer indication of the company’s success in this area. Quick Ratio (Cash + Marketable Securities + Trade Accounts Receivable)/ Current Liabilities This ratio, also known as the acid test ratio, measures immediate liquidity the number of times cash, accounts receivable, and marketable securities cover short-term obligations. A higher number is preferred because it suggests a company has a strong ability to service short-term obligations. This ratio is a more reliable variation of the Current ratio because inventory, prepaid expenses, and other less liquid current assets are removed from the calculation. The quick ratio for Hershey Company is 0. 81 indicates the company’s ability to service short-term obligations is unfavorable. Accounts Receivable to Working Capital Trade Accounts Receivable / (Current Assets Current Liabilities) This ratio measures the dependency of working capital on the collection of receivables. A lower number for this ratio is preferred, indicating that a company has a satisfactory level of working capital and accounts receivable makes up an appropriate portion of current assets. The accounts receivable to working capital ratio for Hershey Company is 0. 72 indicates that the company’s performance is sufficient in this area. Inventory to Working Capital Inventory / (Current Assets Current Liabilities) This ratio measures the dependency of working capital on inventory. A lower number for this ratio is preferred indicating that a company has a satisfactory level of working capital and inventory makes up a reasonable portion of current assets. The inventory to working capital ratio for Hershey Company is 0. 99 indicates that this ratio is in line with company goals. Long Term Liabilities to Working Capital Long Term Liabilities / (Current Assets Current Liabilities) This ratio measures the degree to which a companys long-term debt has been used to replenish working capital versus fixed asset acquisition. The long-term liabilities to working capital ratio for Hershey Company is 3.  42 indicates the value of this ratio is meeting the company’s expectations. Sales to Working Capital Sales / (Current Assets Current Liabilities) This ratio measures a companys ability to finance current operations. Working capital (current assets current liabilities) is another measure of liquidity and the ability to cover short-term obligations. This ratio rel ates the ability of a company to generate sales using its working capital to determine how efficiently working capital is being used. In general, a lower number is preferred because it indicates a company has a satisfactory level of working capital. However, an exceptionally low number may indicate inadequate sales levels are being generated. The sales to working capital ratio for Hershey Company is 10. 34 reveals that the companys level of working capital is strong. The company may want to make an effort to generate additional sales using the available working capital. Activity ratios provide a useful gauge of a companys operations by determining, for example, the average number of days it takes to collect on customer accounts and the average number of days to pay vendors. A key point to keep in mind when evaluating these ratios is that seasonal fluctuations are not necessarily reflected in the numbers that are derived from these calculations based on an account balance on one single day. Accounts Receivable Turnover Sales / Trade Accounts Receivable This ratio measures the number of times receivables turn over in a year and reveals how successful a company is in collecting its outstanding receivables. A higher number is preferred because it indicates a shorter time between sales and cash collection. The accounts receivable turnover for Hershey Company is 14.  40 suggests this ratio may be on target with company objectives. Days Sales in Receivables Trade Accounts Receivable / (Sales / Days) This ratio measures the average number of days a companys receivables are outstanding. A lower number of days is desired. An increase in the number of days receivables are outstanding indicates an increased possibility of late payment by customers. Companies shou ld attempt to reduce the number of days sales in receivables in order to increase cash flow. The general rule used is that the collection period should not materially exceed the credit period. The days sales in receivables for Hershey Company is 25. 35 days that indicates the company is effective in collecting outstanding receivables if the credit terms is 30 days. Inventory Turnover Cost of Sales/Inventory Inventory turnover is a measure of the number of times a company sold its average level of inventory during the period. A high rate turnover indicates relative ease in selling inventory. However, a high value can mean that the business is not keeping enough inventories on hand, and thus may result to lost sales. The inventory turnover ratio of Hershey Company is 5. 98 indicates increased company profitability since the company can use the cash normally tied up in inventory for higher return investments. Days Cost of Sales in Inventory Inventory/(Cost of Sales/Days) Average age of inventories provides a rough measure of the length of time it takes to acquire, sell and replace inventory. Days cost of sales in inventory ratio of Hershey Company is 61. 08 indicates that the company is efficiently moving its inventory. Operating Cycle Days. (Inventory / (Cost of Sales / Days)) + (Trade Accounts Receivable / (Sales / Days)) This ratio calculates the total conversion period for a company, or in other words, the average number of days it takes to convert inventory into cash from sales. It is calculated by adding together the days cost of sales in inventory to the days sales in receivables. Evaluating this ratio can be helpful in gauging the effectiveness of marketing, determining credit terms to extend to customers, and collecting outstanding accounts. The operating cycle days for Hershey Company is 86. 42 days indicates the company  is successfully minimizing the amount of time it takes to convert products and services into cash. Sales to Assets Sales / Total Assets This ratio measures a companys ability to produce sales in relation to total assets to determine the effectiveness of the companys asset base in producing sales. A higher number is preferred, indicating that a company is using its assets to successfully gene rate sales. This ratio does not take into account the depreciation methods employed by each company and should not be the only measure of effectiveness of a company in this area. Sales to assets for Hershey Company is 1. 40 indicates the companys performance in this area is satisfactory. Sales to Net Fixed Assets Sales / (Property and Equipment Accumulated Depreciation) This ratio measures a companys ability to effectively utilize its fixed assets to generate sales. This ratio is similar to the sales to assets ratio, but it excludes current assets, long-term investments, intangible assets, and other non-current assets. A higher number is desired, indicating that a company productively uses its fixed assets to produce sales. This ratio does not take into account the depreciation methods employed by each company and should not be the only measure of effectiveness of a company in this area. In addition, fixed assets that are almost fully depreciated, and labor-intensive operations may interfere with the interpretation of this ratio. Sales to net fixed assets for Hershey Company is 3. 97 indicates the company is efficiently making use of its fixed assets to effectively generate sales. Net Fixed Assets to Equity (Property and Equipment Accumulated Depreciation) / Total Equity This ratio measures the extent to which investors capital was used to finance productive assets. A lower ratio indicates a proportionally smaller investment in fixed assets in relation to net worth, which is desired by creditors in case of liquidation. Note that this ratio could appear deceptively low if a significant number of a companys fixed assets are leased. Net fixed assets to equity for Hershey Company is 1. 60 indicates the companys performance is adequate in this area. Profitability ratios measure  a company’s ability to use its capital or assets to generate profits. Improving profitability is a constant challenge for all companies and their management. Evaluating profitability ratios is a key component in determining the success of a company. It is important to note that all profitability ratio calculations are based on earnings before taxes. Percent Gross Profit ((Sales Cost of Sales) / Sales) * 10 0 This ratio measures the gross profit earned on sales and reports how much of each sales dollar is available to cover operating expenses and contribute to profits. The percent gross profit for Hershey Company is 43. 04% is a good indication of financial health for the company. Percent Profit Margin on Sales Earnings before Taxes / Sales * 100 This ratio measures how much profit a company makes on each sales dollar received and how well a company could potentially deal with higher costs or lower sales in the future. The percent profit margin on sales for Hershey Company is 15. 29% indicates sales is contributing enough to the companys bottom line. Percent Rate of Return on Assets Earnings before Taxes / Total Assets * 100 This ratio measures how effectively a companys assets are being used to generate profits. It is one of the most important ratios when evaluating the success of a business. A higher number reflects a well managed company with a healthy return on assets. Heavily depreciated assets, a large number of intangible assets, or any unusual income or expenses can easily distort this calculation. The percent rate of return on assets for Hershey is 21. 36% indicates that the company remains competitive and continues operating successfully. Percent Rate of Return on Equity Earnings before Taxes / Total Equity * 100 This ratio expresses the rate of return on equity capital employed and measures the ability of a companys management to realize an adequate return on the capital invested by the owners in a company. A higher number is preferred for this commonly analyzed ratio. The percent rate of return on equity for Hershey Company is 99. 87% indicates management is effectively managing the profits earned based on the owners investment in the company. Coverage ratios assess a company’s ability to meet its long-term obligations, remain solvent, and avoid bankruptcy. It measures how well a company’s cash flow covers its short-term financial obligations. Lenders evaluate coverage ratios to determine the degree to which a company could become vulnerable when faced with economic downturns. A company with a high level of debt poses a higher risk to long-term creditors and investors. Debt to Total Assets Total Liabilities / Total Assets This ratio measures what proportion of debt a company is carrying relative to its assets. A ratio value greater than one indicates a company has more debt than assets. Naturally, companies and creditors prefer a lower number. The debt to total assets ratio for Hershey Company is 0. 78 indicates the company is able to withstand losses without harming creditor interests or could obtain additional financing if desired. Percent Owners Equity Total Equity / Total Assets * 100 This ratio measures what proportion of total assets was provided by the owners equity. The higher the number the more total capital has been contributed by owners and the less by creditors. The percent owners equity ratio for Hershey Company is 22. 05% indicates the company owns an adequate portion of its asset. Equity Multiplier Total Assets / Total Equity This ratio measures the extent to which a company uses debt to finance its assets. The higher the number is, the more a company is relying on debt to finance its assets. The equity multiplier for Hershey Company is 4. 54 indicates a reasonable portion of the companys assets are owned versus financed. Debt to Equity Total Liabilities / Total Equity This ratio measures the financial leverage of a company by indicating what proportion of debt and equity a company is using to finance its assets. A lower number suggests there is both a lower risk involved for creditors and strong, long-term, financial security for a company. The debt to equity ratio for Hershey Company is 3. 54 indicates a solid performance in this area for the company. Times Interest Earned Earnings before Interest and Taxes / Interest Expense This ratio measures a companys ability to meet interest payments. A higher number is preferred, suggesting a company can easily meet interest obligations and can potentially take on additional debt. Note that this particular ratio uses earnings before interest and taxes because this is the income amount available to cover interest. The times interest earned ratio for Hershey Company is 11. 63 indicates the companys interest coverage is sufficient.